Global Issues in Aviation

Worldwide Issues in Aviation Presentation Aviation industry is one of the quickest developing monetary segments on the planet. It associates the entire world and enlarges various organizations internationally. The air transportation brings about monetary and social advantages the two of which add to financial development of countries.Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on Global Issues in Aviation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tourism and worldwide exchange segments advantage tremendously from the aeronautics business. The fast transportation of travelers and merchandise is another commitment of carriers around the world. At last, the flying business utilizes numerous individuals and contributes exceptionally as far as expense incomes (Dobbs 2009, p. 32). The business has encountered enormous development in the ongoing years. There are various elements that have prompted the high development of this industry. The expansion of peoples’ profit, upgrades in ways of life, and improvement in people’s trust in the utilization of airplanes for developments have prompted the seen fast development. The reciprocal understandings among governments and the open sky understandings have likewise prompted the expansion in the utilization of business aircrafts. Rivalries among aircrafts combined with expanded productivity in carriers and air terminal tasks have had the impact of charge decrease making air travel reasonable. At last, globalization has opened the world and individuals need to encounter life in various territories of the world. In any case, the administration of carriers has been confronted with different interior and outside elements that influence the activities and the administration. These elements have incredible weight on the benefits of the aircrafts (Wald 2011, p. 27). This paper talks about the impacts of these components on the activity and the administration of different aircrafts. It additionally clarifies the open doors th at exist in the flight business and dangers that the organizations are probably going to confront. The paper is isolated into four fundamental areas in particular presentation, inner variables, outside components, openings and dangers, lastly end. Inward Factors influencing the activities and the board of aircraft associations are both interior and outer. One of the inner variables influencing the board is the presence of different degrees of dynamic. The degrees of dynamic in numerous carriers are shifted and connect at specific levels. The key, arranging and activities divisions are dynamic levels that consistently cooperate and influence the tasks of the aircraft. The aircrafts key choices as a rule take a great deal of time before their usage. They likewise require a great deal of capital speculation and a ton of examination work.Advertising Looking for proposition on avionics? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The vital cho ices are typically made to impact the course of the organization. Development and extension plan is a case of a key choice that a carrier can make. Exactly, there are plentiful effects of interior and outer factors on the activity and the board of a carrier. Also, there are related chances and dangers to the business following its temperament of activity. On the other hand, arranging choices are made to improve ideal utilization of the carriers assets. Avionics industry has a great deal of asset which incorporate airplane, airline stewards, HR, and structures among others. The administration needs to anticipate how these assets are to be utilized ideally. In the carrier, arranging choices identify with issues, for example, determining of interest, flight booking, task of flight pilots/groups to various flights, airplane support, and getting ready for the settlement of teams (Albers, Auerbach, Baum, Delfmann 2005, p. 105). Different choices that require arranging are the quantity of laborers required to deal with a flight such gear handlers, client care officials, etc. The choices are likewise on the sum to be charged as toll and the accessibility of seats. Every one of these choices are connected and this makes the entire arranging an exceptionally convoluted procedure. The activity choices are those that are made every day and are inspected consistently. A few instances of activity choices may incorporate reactions to episodes, for example, unfavorable climate conditions, delays in flights, wiping out of flights, mechanical issues with an airplane and non participation of a staff because of issues like disease. The key choices that have been settled on consistently influence the arranging choices that are to be made. The arranging choices then again impact the activity choices that are made. The input additionally comes following the grouping. The activities stage gives the arranging stage criticism and the arranging stage further furnishes the key stage with the input. The other inner factor that influence activity and the administration of aircrafts is the association of various gatherings of laborers who must work together to guarantee achievement of flights.Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on Global Issues in Aviation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The size of the carrier regularly directs the quantity of flights that it can work. In the event that the aircraft is a huge one, at that point it will work many trips in a solitary day. An extensive number of laborers of various offices and callings must cooperate together to guarantee the accomplishment of every one of these flights. They need to help out all having the single goal of guaranteeing that there is no postponement in flight and that everything moves productively (Haberberg Rieple 2008, p 186). A portion of the various gatherings of laborers that connect are the rooster pit team, the lodge group, the upkeep team, the incline team, the things handlers, payload specialists, fuelling operators, the client care team, the providing food operators, the air make cleaning operators and the dispatchers. These laborers are of various capabilities, outstanding tasks at hand and pay reviews yet their commitment is imperative during the time spent getting ready for the takeoff of flights. The aircraft the board needs to make a legitimate and implementable work plan for laborers to guarantee proficiency (Wu 2009, p.159). The work plan must guarantee that there are no contentions between the various gatherings. Such can without much of a stretch lead to delays and potentially mishaps. These various gatherings collaborate at various levels. The pilots are the ones to fly the plane and there must be sure number of pilots to fly huge planes. The airline stewards guarantee the security of the travelers installed and furthermore console them. The upkeep team fix and keep up the airplane and they do this consistently while the i ncline specialists then again normally direct the airplane and help with stopping it. The stuff taking care of team typically load and off-load things while their fuelling partners help with guaranteeing that the airplane has enough fuel for the flight. The client care operators are answerable for helping travelers before boarding with their inquiries, registration, task of seats and some other issue. The door operators as a rule guarantee that any unapproved individual doesn't access the airplane. Suppers and beverages to be taken in the airplane are accommodated by the providing food specialists. The portrayal above shows how these gatherings of individuals communicate for the accomplishment of the flight and strife between them has impacts that can affect contrarily on the carrier. The administration of the carrier consequently needs to guarantee that every one of these gatherings accomplish their work easily to stay away from any unfavorable incident.Advertising Searching for proposition on flight? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The other inward factor that impacts on the administration and activity of aircrafts is the preparation and abilities of the carrier staff. The administration needs to guarantee that the staff is all around prepared and qualified to work for the carrier and that the team in the airplane are able to work the flight. There are sure arrangement of abilities and information that a specialist in the avionics business must have. The exercises associated with the aeronautics business, for example, directing is mind boggling along these lines individuals with capacity to settle on brisk and precise choices are required. The administration must guarantee that the preparation of the staff be an on-going action and ought to be fused in the way of life of the organization. The aptitudes and preparing that the carrier staff get is important to guarantee security and viability of the flight and consequently make the activity and the board of the aircraft simpler. Outer Factors Competition is one o f the outside components influencing the flying business. This joins the exercises of different contenders (Wald 2011, p. 342). It is inconceivable for the administration of the aircraft to work successfully without thinking about the activities of the other business players. The activities of contenders influence the activities of the administration. Legislatures of different nations have guidelines, which any carrier association must consent to so as to work. The aircraft administrations are additionally excited about the understanding terms that they make with the air terminals that serve them as these influence them. The understandings influence the carrier through different factors, for example, air terminal clog. The inclinations and the necessities of the clients likewise influence the administration and the activities of the carrier. Issues, for example, serious tolls, nature of client care, unwavering quality and administrations gave on-board are of incredible effect on the aircraft. The disappointment of the carrier or other the administration has negative effect on the aircraft. At last, providers are significant for the carrier as they guarantee continuation of the tasks of the aircrafts exercises. They accordingly influence the administration of the aircraft since they give urgent things, for example, gas, save parts, mea

Book Report on Dear America Series- Diary of Hattie Campbell Essay Example for Free

Book Report on Dear America Series-Diary of Hattie Campbell Essay This book, composed by Kristiana Gregory, is around a multi year old young lady from Pennsylvania, Hattie Campbell. On her birthday, she was given a journal by her mom and her Aunt June. In the main passage, she makes reference to her Uncle Milton’s demise three days prior while fixing her family’s animal dwellingplace and his memorial service the night before her birthday. At the memorial service, the final resting place dropped out of their truck and was washed into the close by stream. Her dad attempted to spare it yet was nearly sucked into the oars of a riverboat. As an indication of statement of regret, the riverboat skipper consented to give Mr Campbell and his family free tickets on his riverboat to go anyplace they needed. That night, he reported that the family would head the untamed West, around then involved by the Indians who were known to be vicious. Mrs Campbell was extremely irate and started a â€Å"cold war† with her better half. After two days, she yields and consents to take off West. In transit out West, the family met a youthful grown-up named Tall Joe, who inevitably turns into the commander of their gathering. All through the long outing, they lost numerous accomplices as their bulls passed on or they were shot by Indians. At some point, Hattie and her companion, Pepper, are out playing and happened to unearth what they thought were wild carrots and parsnips. They took some back as it was their chance to cook for the gathering. Back at camp, they got around their errands and began cooking. A young lady, Cassia, took a gander at the â€Å"carrots and parsnips† and takes two nibbles before running off to play. Afterward, as they were turning out baked good, they heard shouts. They went toward the shouts and were alarmed to discover Pepper’s twin sibling, Wade, and a portion of his companions lying on the ground, jaws gripped so firmly that no one could empty charcoal and water into their frameworks to ingest the toxic substance. At long last every one of them aside from Wade passed on. The ladies had the option to empty charcoal into his mouth. Hattie’s father at that point went to the tent where the kitchen was. At the point when he saw the â€Å"carrots and parsnips†, he approached Hattie to cut some for him. He put it on the edge of his tongue and spat it out right away. He said that it was really water hemlock, a toxic plant which could execute a pony on the off chance that it just ate one. A man would bite the dust from a chomp. They promptly recollected Cassia. They discovered her limp body and covered her along with the young men. The minister implored over their graves. The following day, they considered all the kids and attra cted on the earth to show them the contrast between water hemlock and wild carrots and parsnips. In the long run, following twenty six months out and about, they arrive at their goal, Oregon. En route the going with Aunt June brought forth a little girl, River Ann Valentine. The family, Aunt June and her better half settled in Oregon and got one of the primary pioneers to make it to their goals.

Developmental Psychology Research Topic Examples

Developmental Psychology Research Topic Examples Student Resources Print Developmental Psychology Research Topics By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 Laura Beach / Cultura / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Are you looking for a topic for a psychology paper, experiment, or science fair project? Developmental psychology is a fascinating area and one of the most popular topics in psychology. It can also be a very broad subject that can include anything from prenatal development to health during the final stages of life. The following are just a few different topics that might help inspire you. Remember, these are just ideas to help you get started. You might opt to explore one of these areas, or you might think of a related question that interests you as well. Examples of Developmental Psychology Topics Does teaching infants sign language help or hinder the language acquisition process?How do parenting styles impact a childs level of physical activity? Are children raised by parents with permissive or uninvolved parents less active than those raised by parents with authoritative or authoritarian styles?Do students who listen to music while studying perform better or worse on exams?How does bullying impact student achievement? Are bullied students more likely to have worse grades than their non-bullied peers?Could packaging nutritious foods in visually appealing ways encourage children to make healthier food choices?Do children who eat breakfast perform better in school than those who do not eat breakfast?Which type of reinforcement works best for getting students to complete their homework: a tangible reward (such as a piece of candy) or social reinforcement (such as offering praise when homework is completed on time)?Does birth order have an impact on procrastination? Are first-bor ns less likely to procrastinate? Are last-borns more likely to put off tasks until the last minute?Are older adults who rate high in self-efficacy more likely to have a better memory than those with low self-efficacy?How do explanations for the behavior of others change as we age? Are younger adults more likely to blame internal factors for events and older adults more likely to blame external variables?Do mental games such as word searches, Sudoku, and word matching help elderly adults keep their cognitive skills sharp?Do the limits of short-term memory change as we age? How do the limits of short-term memory compare at ages, 15, 25, 45, and 65? Things to Consider Before Picking a Developmental Psychology Topic Before you start working on any paper, experiment, or science project, the first thing you need to do is understand the rules your instructor has established for the assignment. Be sure to check the official guidelines given by your teacher. If you are not sure about these guidelines, ask your instructor if there are any specific requirements before you get started on your research. If you are going to actually conduct an experiment, you need to present your idea to your instructor in order to gain his or her permission before going forward. In some cases, you might have to also present your plan to your schools Institutional Review Board. Tips for Researching Your Developmental Psychology Topic After you have gotten to move forward with your chosen topic, the next step is to do some background research. This step is essential! If you are writing a paper, the information you find will make up your literature review. If you are performing an experiment, it will provide background information for the introduction of your lab report. For a psychology science project, this research will help you in your presentation and can help you decide how to best approach your own experiment.

Fun Science Facts You Need to Know

Amaze yourself and your friends with these science facts! This is a collection of fun and interesting science facts. When you crack a whip, it makes a sharp sound because the tip of the whip is traveling faster than the speed of sound. It is a sort of mini sonic boom!You could theoretically lose weight eating celery since it takes more calories to digest celery than are contained in the vegetable.Shark teeth are as hard as steel.The only letter not used in the periodic table is J.Lobsters have blue blood.Sound travels about four times faster in water than in air.2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end in 2 or 5.Women blink nearly twice as often as men.The billionth digit of pi is 9. (Source: Ben Peoples)On average, it takes a person 7 minutes to fall asleep.The peanut is a member of the bean or legume family and not a nut.The prefix numbus in a cloud name means the cloud produces precipitation.Anemometers measure wind speed.The only two planets in our solar system that do not have moons are Mercury and Venus.Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.Oxygen is the most common element in the Earths cr ust.

Secondary Data and Secondary Analysis

Within sociology, many researchers collect new data for analytic purposes, but many others rely on secondary data in order to conduct a new study. When research uses secondary data, the kind of research they perform on it is called secondary analysis. Key Takeaways: Secondary Data Secondary analysis is a research method that involves analyzing data collected by someone else.A great deal of secondary  data resources and data sets are  available for sociological research, many of which are public and easily accessible.  There are both pros and cons to using secondary data.Researchers can mitigate the cons of using secondary data by learning about the methods used to collect and clean the data in the first place, and by careful usage of it and honest reporting on it. Secondary Analysis Secondary analysis is the practice of using secondary data in research. As a research method, it saves both time and money and avoids unnecessary duplication of research effort. Secondary analysis is usually contrasted with primary analysis, which is the analysis of primary data independently collected by a researcher. How Researchers Obtain Secondary Data Unlike primary data, which is collected by a researcher herself in order to fulfill a particular research objective, secondary data is data that was collected by other researchers who likely had different research objectives. Sometimes researchers or research organizations share their data with other researchers in order to ensure that its usefulness is maximized. In addition, many government bodies within the U.S. and around the world collect data that they make available for secondary analysis. In many cases, this data is available to the general public, but in some cases, it is only available to approved users. Secondary data can be both quantitative and qualitative in form.  Secondary quantitative data is often available from official government sources and trusted research organizations. In the U.S., the U.S. Census, the General Social Survey, and the American Community Survey are some of the most commonly used secondary data sets within the social sciences. In addition, many researchers make use of data collected and distributed by agencies including the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Education, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, among many others at federal, state, and local levels. While this information was collected for a wide range of purposes including budget development, policy planning, and city planning, among others, it can also be used as a tool for sociological research. By reviewing and analyzing numerical data, sociologists can often uncover unnoticed patterns of human behavior and large-scale trends within society. Secondary qualitative data is usually found in the form of social artifacts, like newspapers, blogs, diaries, letters, and emails, among other things. Such data is a rich source of information about individuals in society and can provide a great deal of context and detail to sociological analysis. This form of secondary analysis is also called content analysis. Conduct Secondary Analysis Secondary data represents a vast resource to sociologists. It is easy to come by and often free to use. It can include information about very large populations that would be expensive and difficult to obtain otherwise. Additionally, secondary data is available from time periods other than the present day. It is literally impossible to conduct primary research about events, attitudes, styles, or norms that are no longer present in todays world. There are certain disadvantages to secondary data. In some cases, it may be outdated, biased, or improperly obtained. But a trained sociologist should be able to identify and work around or correct for such issues. Validating Secondary Data Before Using It To conduct meaningful secondary analysis, researchers must spend significant time reading and learning about the origins of the data sets. Through careful reading and vetting, researchers can determine: The purpose for which the material was collected or createdThe specific methods used to collect itThe population studied and the validity of the sample capturedThe credentials and credibility of the collector or creatorThe limits of the data set (what information was not requested, collected, or presented)The historic and/or political circumstances surrounding the creation or collection of the material In addition, before using secondary data, a researcher must consider how the data are coded or categorized and how this might influence the outcomes of secondary data analysis. She should also consider whether the data must be adapted or adjusted in some way prior to her conducting her own analysis. Qualitative data is usually created under known circumstances by named individuals for a particular purpose. This makes it relatively easy to analyze the data with an understanding of biases, gaps, social context,  and other issues. Quantitative data, however, may require more critical analysis. It is not always clear how data was collected, why certain types of data were collected while others were not, or whether any bias was involved in the creation of tools used to collect the data. Polls, questionnaires, and interviews can all be designed to result in pre-determined outcomes. When dealing with biased data, it is absolutely critical that the researcher is aware of the bias, its purpose, and its extent. However, biased data can still be extremely useful, as long as the researchers carefully consider the potential effects of the bias.

History of biomaterials Free Essays

Earlier surgical procedures, whether they Involved bimetallism or not, were generally unsuccessful as a result of infection Bimetallism, Joyce Y Wong and Joseph D Brannon (Deeds), CRY press, Boca Orator, FL, 2007 3 asses: Bone plates were Introduced to lad In the fixation of long-bone fractures. Many of these early plates broke as a result of unsophisticated mechanical design; they were too thin and had stress-concentrating corners. Also, materials such as indium steel, which was chosen for its good mechanical properties corroded rapidly in the body and caused adverse effects on the healing processes asses: Stainless steels and cobalt chromium alloys were introduced and great success was achieved In fracture fixation, and soon Joint replacement surgeries were Bimetallism, Joyce Y Wong and Joseph D Bronzing (Deeds), CRY Press, Boca Orator, FL, 4 MAMA asses: During the World War II, it was found that pilots injured by fragments of plastic MAMA (polymath matriculate) aircraft canopy did not suffer adverse chronic reactions from the presence of the fragments in the body. We will write a custom essay sample on History of biomaterials or any similar topic only for you Order Now MAMA became ideal used after that time for corneal replacement and for replacements of sections of damaged skull bones 1950-asses: Following further advances in materials and in surgical technique, blood vessel replacements were tried in asses and heart valve replacements and cemented Joint replacements in asses 5 Year Investigators Late 18-19th century Development Metal devices to fix bone fractures; wires and century pins from Fee, Au, Gag, and Opt 1860-1870 J. Leister Aseptic surgical techniques 1886 H. Huntsman 1893-1912 W. A. Lane Steel screws and plates (Lane fracture plate) 1912 W. D. Sherman Vanadium steel plates, first developed or medical use; lesser stress concentration and corrosion (Sherman 1924 A. A. Zeroed Introduced Satellites@ (Corm alloy) 1926 M. Z. Lange Introduced 18-cosmos stainless steel, better than 18-8 stainless steel 6 Used carpenter’s screw for femoral neck fracture 1931 M. N. Smithereens First femoral neck fracture fixation device made of stainless steel 1936 C. S. Venerable, W. G. Stuck Introduced Vitality@ (19-9 stainless steel), later changed the material to Coir alloys 1938 P. Wiles First total hip replacement prosthesis 1939 J. C. Burch Introduced tantalum (Ta) ASSES M. J. Doreen, A. Franchisee First used replacement 1946 J. And R. Jude First phonemically designed femoral head replacement prosthesis. First plastics (MAMA) used acrylics (MAMA) corneal 7 1947 J. Cotton Introduced It and its alloys 1952 A. A leaflet in heart valve must flex 60 timer per minutes without tearing for the life time of a patient (10 years or more) 0 Bulk physical properties: The dialysis membrane has a specified permeability, the reticular cup of the hip Joint has a lubricity, and the intraocular lens has clarity and refraction requirements 13 Absorbability 0 Absorbability is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application (Williams, 1987) 0 Thus, absorbability is the acceptance of a material by the surrounding tissues ND by the body as a whole. A objectionable material should not do exhibit following characteristics: (1) irritate the surrounding structures (2) provoke an abnormal inflammatory response (3) incite allergic or immunologic reactions (4) cause cancer 14 15 Performance of bimetallism the material properties, design, and absorbability of the material used, as well as other factors not under the control of the engineer, including the technique used by the surgeon, the health and condition of the patient, and the activities of the patient. If we can assign a numerical value f to the probability of allure of an implant, then the reliability can be expressed as r=l -f If, as is usually the case, there are multiple modes of failure, the total reliability art is given by the product of the individual reliabilities RL =(1 -FL),etc. Art=RL re 16 Inert and evocative bimetallism 0 Initially (asses-asses) the bimetallic designed were inert (not reactive with the body) to decrease the potential for negative immune response to the implant 0 Later (asses), the concept of inert bimetallic was replaced with that of evocative bimetallism. The evocative material interact with the body in a positive manner to remote localized healing Bimetallism – The Intersection of Biology and Materials Science,AS Tenement and GAG Mikes, Prentice Hall, 2009 17 Hard and Soft tissue replacement bimetallism 0 Bimetallism scientists must have an appreciation of material science. A wide range of materials are routinely used and no researcher will be comfortable in synthesizing and designing with all these materials and therefore specialization is the rule 0 There is tendency to group bimetallism into hard tissue replacement bimetallism (metals, ceramics for use in orthopedic and dental materials) and soft tissue placement bimetallism (polymers) for cardiovascular and general plastic surgery 0 Division is arbitrary though 18 Market perspectives (2008) 0 Mostly used devices are replacement heart valves, synthetic vascular grafts, hip and knee replacement, heart lung machine, renal dialysis equipment, and bone and dental implants 0 About 100,000 replacement heart valves; 300,000 vascular grafts; and 500,000 artificial Joint replacements are carried out in the United States every year 19 Do it yourself? 0 Assume that a bone implant (bone plate) leads to calcification. Will you consider it an appropriate or inappropriate host response? 20 How to cite History of biomaterials, Papers

Coping free essay sample

My generation’s greatest challenge will be coping with the real world. We are the most shielded, mollycoddled and over-protected group of kids to grow up in America. We’ve been separated from war by distance and the worst thing that could possibly happen is for our favorite reality television show to be cancelled after only four seasons. Oh, how we’ve suffered. In the age of the iPod, news has faded into something that occasionally appears on AOL’s welcome screen. When my generation does catch a glimpse of news an explosion in a foreign land, terrorists threatening America it seems distant and unlikely to affect us. We constantly see support for the troops fighting heaven-knows-where, so it’s a natural assumption that we don’t have to worry about our safety; we can pore over the latest celebrity hook-ups instead. Applying to colleges and having to prove ourselves has been a nasty enough shock for my generation. We will write a custom essay sample on Coping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last few years, I’ve noticed more and more of my high school’s alumni staying in town to go to the local college. Is the real world really that frightening? Most of these kids have never lived out of state and probably never will. It has become too easy and too comfortable to feed off our parents like preppy little parasites. Why go out into the world and make a name for yourself when a smaller, safer version of the world is handed to you by Mom and Dad? Talk about difficult decisions. The real challenge will come when we finally have to take on authoritative, demanding roles in society. How are we coping so far? According to The Washington Post, â€Å"one in 10 American women takes an antidepressant drug and the use of such drugs by all adults has nearly tripled in the last decade.† That would make my generation’s greatest challenge be coping with reality without drugs. We’re not doing so well, so far. If we don’t start to adapt soon, our country and world will be run by underqualified â€Å"Daddy’s little Princesses† who will take uninformed standpoints on important world issues. We have to start taking control of our lives now, before we get too comfortable living in the passenger seat.

Throughout the centuries many authors have attempt Essay Example For Students

Throughout the centuries many authors have attempt Essay ed to capture the individuals quest for self-authenticity. In the novel Song of Solomon, Toni Morrison depicts the many aspects of self-actualization, as well as the tormenting road that leads to the shaping of an individual. Through beautiful language, with immense reality, she is able to describe young black mans journey as he uncovers his personal history, myth, and essence. The story revolves around generations, past and present, of a black family in the south. The character of Milkman (Macon Dead jr.) evolves through the descriptions, events, and experiences of others. His parents, Macon Dead sr., and Ruth Foster Dead, represent the wall-blocking Milkman from his true authentic identity. Many of Milkmans major problems are a direct result of his parents suffocating mistakes. Ruth breast-fed Milkman until he was six years old, hence the name Milkman. She was sexually repressed by her husband for twenty years, and used her young son as a substitute for sexual intimacy. Ruth believed that she possessed no authenticity, and that she was insignificant and isolated. By passing these negative attributes and emotions to Milkman she disturbed his natural process for growth, and ultimately left him feeling lost and insecure. Instead of encouraging Milkman to grow and mature, Ruth hoarded him into the world that she herself despised. We will write a custom essay on Throughout the centuries many authors have attempt specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Milkmans father, Macon Dead sr., became a ruthless money hound after his father, Jake, was shot and killed for his property. This devastating event from his childhood made him miserly, insensitive, and stingy. Macon Dead sr. becomes a money hungry machine because he does not want to suffer the same fate as his father. Macon Dead sr. fails to tell Milkman the reasons behind his miserly attitude. Thus creating an insurmountable gap between their relationship. Milkmans mother and father both thrust their personal fears on him adding to the destruction of his personal identity. Only after Milkman uncovers these tribulations behind his parents identities, can he begin his quest for self-authenticity. By displacing the profound effect Milkmans parents have on his quest for self-actualization, Morrison is able to convey her theme of generational conflict. Without appropriate parental guidance, honesty, and explanation Milkman has trouble finding the authentic individual within himself. The inner turmoil within both Ruth and Macon Dear sr. reflects negatively upon Milkman, leaving him lost and unfocused. Morrison writes of this hole within Ruth, because the fact is that I am a small woman. I dont mean little; I mean small, and Im small because I was pressed small. (p. 124) Instead of accepting the problems with their own authenticity, both parents force their unauthentic values on Milkman. The overbearing needs of both parents result in Milkmans need to find his personal Identity in other places, other people. The individual who first inspires Milkman to discover his own identity is Pilate, the forbidden sister of Macon Dead sr. She is a mysterious woman, large, masculine, and frightening. Her brother abandoned her after years of support because she began making wine. Macon Dead sr. this drunken profession, and subsequently forbid Milkman to encounter her. Despite his fathers wishes Milkman is intrigued by Pilate and quickly becomes absorbed in her magical, spiritual, fulfilling world. This was the same world that once held his father in awe. Morrison writes, surrendering to the sound, Macon moved closer. He wanted no conversation, no whiteness, only to listen and perhaps to see the three of them, the source of that music that made him think of fields and of wild turkey and calico. (P.29) By entering into Pilates home Milkman begins to question why his father acts the way he does. Through Pilate, Milkman discovers a past that seems lost within his father. This realization begi!ns Milkmans quest for self-authenticity. .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 , .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .postImageUrl , .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 , .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67:hover , .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67:visited , .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67:active { border:0!important; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67:active , .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67 .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f67f893686059478bc0eb6380866b67:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mozart Persuasive EssayMilkmans flight to identity takes him many places. He is fortunate to have a friend, Guitar, who is also lost, and hunting for his authentic identity. The two pursue adventures and their contrasting personalities leave them wit ha wide perspective on events and experiences. While Milkman seems quiet, poetic, almost stumbling on his authentic self. Guitar is eager, outgoing, and aware of his needs. Morrison creates Pilate as a metaphor for a pilot, guiding Milkman through his quest. The fact that

the essay

the essay the essay Case Commentary 3 Scource: washingtonpost.com/business/on-small-business/obama-administration-again-delays-health-plan-flexibility-option-for-small-businesses/2014/03/05/238721f2-a48a-11e3-84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html Section 1: This article is about how the Obama administration is pushed back the option of choosing different coverage plans till 2015 for businesses. This delay has major impacts on small businesses. With the administration saying that this option of choosing different coverage plans for the employees of small businesses would be ready by the end of this year it hurts the small companies. Because this option of choosing different types of health plans have only been available to large corporations and small businesses have one health insurance plan with several administration difficulties. Section 2a: This is a moral issue because they are going back on their word. They have stated over and over again how this option of choosing health care plans for small business employees would be available at the end of this year and it isn’t. They keep pushing back the date and it is affecting businesses. Section 2b: The correlation of the moral problem to business is that legislators are manipulating this process. They are the ones that keep pushing back the dates that this feature will be open to small businesses. The legislation keeps telling them one date and pushing them back. It is making it hard for people that have small businesses and The Essay The Essay The first thing i noticed aout this book that really disturbed and upset me was the tension and difference between the Pashtuns and the Hazzaras. This theme was an important one because it contributed to the injustice brought upon Hassan on several occasions throughout the novel. One example is that Hassan is a household servant for Amir and Baba, simple because he was born Hazzara, which is of a lower class than the Pashtuns. Another example is the way that Assef treats Hassan. Assef treats Hassan in such a horrioble digrading manner not only because he is a sociopath but also because Hassan is a Hazzara, and so Assef sees Hassan as someone who is below him and therefore is considered trash compared to himself. It amazed me that people could be so degrading of one another and that they could simply ignore another right to free will and free speech. Segregation of such a degree is not common in our society and so it amazed me that things could be this intense in other countries . Another thing i noticed and was intrigued by was the relationship between Amir and Baba. From the beggining i could tell that the relationship was going to be strained and that that would be a large part of the conflict in the book. Although Amir did not always feel it, Baba was quite an amazing man whom i was quite impressed by. He did all the things people said he could not do. Though he had no training as an architect, he designed and built an orphanage. Though people said he had no business sense, he became one of the most successful businessmen in the city. Though nobody thought he would marry well because he wasn’t from a prominent family, he married Amir’s mother, Sofia Akrami, a beautiful, intelligent woman who came from a royal bloodline. I could completley understand why Amir looked up to Baba so much and why he craved his love. I could relate to this theme very well because i was raised by my father and i remember when i was younger how i looked up to him and how i thought that he was capable of anything, that he was the strongest person aloive and that he was fantastic. My relationship with my father had a huge impact on my childhood and on the kind of person i am today. By the end of Baba’s life, he and Amir pretty much reunited and so i was very happy to see that. Something i found ironic about the book was how prevalent American culture was in the country during

European Union Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

European Union Law - Case Study Example Hauptzollamt Saarlouis [1966] relied on in Van Duyn v Home Office [1974]. Therefore since Mark works for a Council this can be construed as an emanation of the State (specifically Costanzo [1989] ECR 1839) and it is submitted that the phrase in the Directive "the use of chlorine cleaning agents in swimming pools is prohibited" meets all the criteria for the Directive to be directly applicable. However this is not true for Sunita. The swimming pool is a private company, and she is a user of the pool. Under the 'direct effect' provisions, she would have no redress as she wishes to sue an individual rather than the State or an emanation of the State. As seen in the following case, the Court of Justice does not allow the direct horizontal enforcement of Directives. In Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] Helen Marshall sought to sue a health authority for retirement age discrimination under the Equal Treatment Directive 1976. The Court of Justice held that there was no 'horizontal effect' to a Directive where a government had failed to implement a Directive. Helen Marshall could not sue the Health Authority in these circumstances. If the employer is not the State or an emanation of the State th... If the employer is not the State or an emanation of the State then the Court of Justice allows the national court to look at indirect effect. In the absence of domestic legislation being in place, national courts are empowered by the Court of Justice to enforce the provisions of the Directive in order to ensure that the aim of the Directive is carried out. In this case the aim of the Directive is to prohibit the use of chlorine in all swimming pools throughout Member States. The national court would therefore be called upon to make the use of chlorine cleaning agents unlawful in the UK and sanction the transgressors accordingly, providing remedies under standard contractual law within the precedents currently relied upon by national courts. In Von Coulson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] 2 female applicants successfully sued prison administrators for sexual discrimination when 2 posts advertised for social workers went to males. The question before the court was whether the Equal Treatment Directive 1976 specifically required that discrimination be remedied by the appointment of the complainant to the post. The Court of Justice said no, but that it did require the national law to provide an adequate and effective remedy: "national courts are required to interpret their national law in the light of the wording and the purpose of the Directive in order to achieve the result referred to in the third paragraph of Article [249]." 2 An advantage of this approach is that unlike direct effect the provisions in question do not have to be clear, precise, unconditional and require no further implementation. Hence Van Coulson was able to indirectly rely on the provision against a State employer. We are specifically told that the only

Week4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Week4 - Essay Example This intellectual property will affect the Quick-Med Technologies in a great way, as the Rosacea disease is prevalent in nearly 16 million American, so a very effective technique of curing Rosacea will gives them a huge market and big profits because other treatments available have side effects and other companies can’t use this technique due to intellectual property rights of Quick-Med Technologies. Competing companies would be affected by this intellectual property of Quick-Med Technologies, as they can’t use this more effective technique and the current techniques have side effects so they are likely to face low sales of their products which are associated with the treatment of Rosacea. Advanced Cell Technology, Inc has many Intellectual properties in the area of regenerative medicine. They have utility patents like methods for treating retinal degeneration using human RPE cells and manufacturing RPE cells from human ES cells. Advanced Cell Technologies has acquired these patents because this is potentially a very large market, there are some 200 or more diseases of retina which effects millions of people worldwide, and that may be treated by using their technology of RPE cells. Secondly there are currently no available treatments for some diseases like Stargardts Disease and Age related Macular Degeneration, which can be treated with their new treatment technology, and which is potentially a 20-30 billion dollar market. These new intellectual properties will extend the companys patent coverage of the scalable manufacturing of human RPE cells for therapeutic use, this Intellectual property will further expands their patent estate with respect to protecting the use of RPE cells in a wide range of treatments. As this is a multibillion dollar market and there are currently no available cures for some of the diseases

Influence of Gender Socialisation Causes of Inequality

Influence of Gender Socialisation Causes of Inequality In our society gender is considered one of the most important things by which a person can identify themselves. When a baby is born the first question one asks is not if the baby is healthy or how the woman who has just given birth is but if its boy or a girl?. The gender we are assigned when we are born sticks with us throughout our life, regardless of if we agree with it or not, seemingly influencing the way we act, dress and live our lives. In the following essay, I will discuss the way in which we can define gender both scientifically and sociologically. I will examine how the socialisation process influences our learning of gender norms and how these norms perpetuate gender differences in our society and the inequality that can occur as a result. There are many ways in which one can define gender. Macionis and Plummer define gender as the social aspects of differences and hierarchies between male and female (Macionis Plummer, 2012). While sex is often defined as the state of being either male or female as determined by biological characteristics. (Marchbank Letherby, 2007). We often see sex as being something natural while gender is a social construct built to more clearly define the differences between the sexes. Gender is evident throughout the social world. We see it in our workplaces, schools and in everyday society. Sociologists believe gender cannot exist on its own, it interacts with social norms, values, and in particular, social differences. For example, while society tells us, men are to have traditional masculine traits, to be strong and forceful, one would not expect the strength of a thirty-year-old man to be the same as an eighty year old. (Punch, et al., 2013). We do not have a say in the gender that is assigned to us, it is given to us based on our biological sex. However , there are arguments that show that sex does not always equal biology. Humans do not always fit into the mould of male and female. A study carried out by the University of Sussex, stated that in countries such as India and the USA; the idea of being transgender and gender fluid is becoming progressively more common and accepted. (Jolly, 2002) This study leaves many questions as to whether we are bound by our biological sex at all. If it is possible to change the sex we were born, then why should our gender identity be so important? Nonetheless the gender that is given can and does have implications on the life we will evidently lead and the way is which we experience socialisation throughout our life. Gender socialisation is the way in which boys and girls learn their gender scripts, the appropriate roles they are expected to follow. Boys and girls experience gender socialisation and are taught there gender identity in different ways. However, this gender identity most often highly tainted by the social world around said person. Marchbank and Letherby researched and wrote about many studies which examine the way in which we encourage masculine and feminine ideals, noting that this encouragement is unescapable in schools, the media, clothing, and toys. This does not allow people to explore their own gender, instead pushing people to conform to one definition either male or female. Something many people feel they do not fit. Many leading sociologists have augured that this does, in fact, lend its hand to the problems many people face in terms of gender discrimination and inequality. (Marchbank Letherby, 2007) While we are moving towards a day of gender fluidity in terms of peoples preferences of their own gender and in our gendered roles, inequality does still exist and is evident in everyday life. These differences and inequality vary greatly from country to country. What is considered acceptable in one country may not be in another. This is all a part of a particular countries gender order, defined by Macionis and Plummer as the way in which societies shape notions of masculinity and femininity into power relationships (Macionis Plummer, 2012) Jill Matthews first developed the idea of the gender order in 1984. Matthews argued that the gender order does not mean inequality but allows a distinction to be made between males and females that relates to the general form of gender relations. (Pilcher Whelehan, 2004, p. 61). This idea however, is outdated. Many critics of this theory agree that the gender order does account for the differences in gender expectations between countries it does not account for inequalities between both male and female and those who may not identify as such. Maharaj (1995) and Pilcher (1999) recognize that Matthews and consequently Connell, who based his studies off of Matthews, have theories that are historical in context and do not allow for differences such as time, place and diversity. Similarly, the theory of gender order does not account for gender norms varying from country to country, while gender inequity does not. (Pilcher Whelehan, 2004) Seen all over the world, perhaps the most universa l form of gender inequality is found in the work place. Woman are much less likely to be promoted to managerially and senior positions in work and are highly unlikely to be doing the same job as her male counter parts. For example, in the United States, less than ten percent of workers said they have a co-worker of a different gender who does the same job. (Ryle, 2015) A huge reason for this form of inequality and many more; is the negative qualities seen as being feminine or possessed by only women. Women are seen as the weaker sex, they are too emotional to take on high power roles and are better suited for care giving ones. These connections are directly related to the way in which gender is seen and taught by society. In the USA, women are more likely than men to have a college degree yet are more likely to live in poverty and have lower earnings than men. (Smilowitz, 2015) After examining the meaning of gender, how we learn gender through the socialisation process and societys gender order it is clear to see that all these factors lend their hand to gender inequality. Gender inequality is seen throughout the world, in ways that are often universal. And, contrary to popular belief does not only affect one gender but both and all genders. The social contrast of gender puts us a box. A box that aims to dictate how we will lead our lives based on our biological sex. Inequality runs rapid through our daily lives References Jolly, S., (2002). Issue 10: Culture, Sussex: In Brief . Macionis, J. Plummer, K., (2012). Gender and Sexualities. Third Edition ed. Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall. Marchbank, J. Letherby, G., (2007). Introduction to Gender Social Science Perspective. First ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Pilcher, J. Whelehan, I.,( 2004). 50 Key Concepts in Gender Studies. 1st ed. London: Sage Publications. Punch, S., Marsh, I., Keating, M. Harden, J., (2013). Sociology: Making Sense of Society. Fifth Edition ed. Harlow: Person Education Limited. Ryle, R.,( 2015). Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration. 2nd ed. California: Sage Publications. Smilowitz, A., (2015). For U.S. Women, Inequality Takes Many Forms The Huffington Post, 14 April, avaliable: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ariel-smilowitz/for-us-women-inequality-takes-many-forms_b_7064348.html [accessed 18 Mar 2017]

Emergency department patient satisfaction Essay

Customer service initiatives in healthcare have become a popular way of attempting to improve patient satisfaction. The effect of clinically focused customer service training on patient satisfaction in the setting of a 62,000-visit emergency department and level 1 trauma center is investigated. The most dramatic improvement in the patient satisfaction survey came in ratings of skill of the emergency physician, likelihood of returning, skill of the emergency department nurse and overall satisfaction. These results suggest that such training may offer a substantial competitive market advantage, as well as improve the patients’ perception of quality and outcome. A practitioner’s response to the case study is also included. Customer service initiatives in healthcare have become a popular way of attempting to improve patient satisfaction. The effect of clinically focused customer service training on patient satisfaction in the setting of a 62,000-visit emergency department a nd level 1 trauma center is investigated. The most dramatic improvement in the patient satisfaction survey came in ratings of skill of the emergency physician, likelihood of returning, skill of the emergency department nurse and overall satisfaction. These results suggest that such training may offer a substantial competitive market advantage, as well as improve the patients’ perception of quality and outcome. A practitioner’s repsonse to the case study is also included. You  have requested â€Å"on-the-fly† machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated â€Å"AS IS† and â€Å"AS AVAILABLE† and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of th e translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimerTranslations powered by LEC. Translations powered by LEC. Headnote visit emergency department and level I trauma center. Analysis of patient complaints, patient compliments, and a statistically verified patient-satisfaction survey indicate that (1) all 14 key quality characteristics identified in the survey increased dramatically in the study period; (2) patient complaints decreased by over 70 percent from 2.6 per 1,000 emergency department (ED) visits to 0.6 per 1,000 ED visits following customer service training; and (3) patient compliments increased more than 100 percent from 1.1 per 1,000 ED visits to 2.3 per 1,000 ED visits. The most dramatic improvement in the patient satisfaction survey came in ratings of skill of the emergency physician, likelihood of returning, skill of the emergency department nurse, and overall satisfaction. These results show that clinically focused customer service training improves patient satisfaction and ratings of physician and nurse skill. They also suggest that such training may offer a substantial competitive mar ket advantage, as well as improve the patients’ perception of quality and outcome. INTRODUCTION Recent changes in healthcare have led to increasing competition and the perceived commercialization of the healthcare provided to patients. At the same time, a need for reaffirmation of the importance of the patient-physician relationship has been expressed in the midst of such powerful forces (Laine and Davidoff 1996; Glass 1996; Pellegrino and Thomasma 1989). One aspect of the patient-physician relationship deserving further study is the role of customer service training in healthcare. While numerous customer service training tools exist in business and industry, no studies have clearly delineated the efficacy of customer service training for patients in a clinical setting. This study examines the effect of a required customer service training program taught by healthcare professionals on patient and family complaints, compliments, and satisfaction in a high-volume high-acuity emergency department. METHODS Patient Base All patients presenting to the Emergency Department at Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, between May 1, 1994 and April 30, 1995 formed the control group, representing the period prior to emergency department customer service training. Patients presenting to the emergency department between May 1, 1995 and April 30, 1996 formed the study group, representing the period following customer service training intervention. The mechanism of patient complaint/compliment analysis and the survey criteria were identical in the control and study periods. Patient acuity was assessed by three measures: the number and percentage of patients admitted to the hospital; the number and percentage of patients with Current Procedural Terminology 1996 (CPT) evaluation and management (E/M) codes 99281-99285, (Kirschner et al. 1996); and a nursing acuity rating scale (EMERGE, Medicus Systems, Evanston, Illinois). Inova Fairfax Hospital is a 656-bed not-for-profit institution that is a teaching h ospital, regional referral center, and level I trauma center. Customer Service Training All emergency department staff involved in patient contact (physicians,  nurses, ED technicians, registration personnel, core secretaries, social workers, ED radiology, and ED respiratory therapy) were required to attend an eight-hour customer service training program. The numbers and types of staff involved in training are listed in Table 1. Because of logistic limitations, emergency medicine residents attended a focused fourhour required training course. The eight-hour program consisted of the following modules: basic customer service principles, recognition of patients and customers (Are they patients or customers?), service industry benchmarking leaders, stress recognition and management, communication skills, negotiation skills, empowerment, customer service proactivity, service transitions, service fail-safes, change management, and specific customer service core competencies. (More detailed information on the content of these modules is listed in Appendix 1.) These core comp etencies follow: making the customer service diagnosis (in addition to the clinical diagnosis) and providing the right treatment; negotiating agreement resolution of patient expectations; and building moments of truth into the clinical encounter. Following the initial required training, new physicians or ED employees were required to attend identical customer service training within four months of their initial employment. Additional mandatory customer service training updates were offered three times per year and included modules of conflict resolution, customer service skill updates, advanced communication skills, and assertiveness training. Patient Satisfaction Data Patient satisfaction data in both the control and study groups consisted of patient complaints, patient compliments, and a telephone patientsatisfaction survey conducted by an independent research firm (Shugoll Associates, Rockville, Maryland) that was blinded to the study hypothesis and course content. Patient complaints and/or compliments were systematically identified from all available means, including verbal, written, telephone, or electronic mail sources. Sources of patient complaints, data analysis, and categorization of complaints were identical in the control and study groups, which was coordinated by hospital quality improvement analysts. ED  staff were instructed to report all potential complaints and concerns, regardless of how minor, to appropriate physician or nurse managers in both the control and study periods. Complaints were logged into a central office and were investigated initially by three authors (TM, RC, DR). In cases where classification of type of complaint differed, additional information and/or clarification was sought from staff, patients, and family. Any discrepancies were resolved by group-consensus techniques. All complaints and the classification thereof were independently reviewed and verified by quality-improvement analysts. Patient complaint and compliment letters were referred for comment or clarification to appropriate ED staff in both the control and study periods. Outpatient satisfaction surveys were conducted by an independent research firm (completely blinded to the study and its hypothesis) utilizing a 50-item questionnaire to identify key factors in customer satisfaction. This survey instrument was validated on a sample of more than 3,000 patients prior to implementation in either the control or study group. The study used a telephone survey on a randomized number table basis to 100 ED outpatients per quarter (Appendix 2). Logistic regression analysis performed on these data identified 14 areas of more important/key attributes in the ED (see Table 2). Patient compliment and complaint data, as well as acuity data, were subjected to a two-tailed ttest and the Fisher Exact test. Patient satisfaction surveys were subjected to a two-tailed t-test with a 95 percent confidence level. Patient Turnaround Times Patient turnaround times (TAT) were calculated from time of initial arrival in the ED to either discharge or transfer to an inpatient unit. Turnaround times were routinely calculated on each patient and on an aggregate basis by day, month, quarter, and year. RESULTS ED Volume/Acuity Neither ED volume nor acuity changed to a statistically significant degree between the control and study periods, based on both admission percentage and nursing acuity (see Table 3). Analysis of CPT 96 Evaluation and Management Codes showed a statistically significant increase in codes 99283 and 99285, with a similar decrease in codes 99281 and 99284. The number of pediatric patients did not change in a statistically significant fashion during the study period. The only payor mix category to rise in a statistically significant fashion was managed care (p < .01), with a nearly identical decrease in commercial insurance. Neither compliments nor complaints correlated with payor category. Patient Turnaround Time Mean patient turnaround time dropped from three hours and 24 minutes (204 minutes) to three hours and seven minutes (187 minutes), but this difference was not statistically significant, nor did the percent of patients at one and two standard deviations from the mean change in a statistically significant fashion. Patient Compliments The total number of patient compliments rose from 69 in the control period to 141 in the study period, an increase of more than 100 percent (p < .00001) (see Table 3). Patient compliment letters consistently mentioned warmth, compassion, and skill of the emergency care provider as the reason for contacting management to praise the ED staff. There was no statistical difference between males and females among patient compliments. Patient Complaints Patient complaints dropped from 153 in the control period (2.5 complaints per 1,000 ED visits) to 36 in the study period (0.6 complaints per 1,000 ED visits), (p < .00001) (see Table 3). Complaints about perceived rudeness, insensitivity, or lack of compassion on the part of ED staff dropped most dramatically. Two-thirds of complaints in the study period were a result of waiting times, billing, or delays in obtaining an inpatient bed, compared to 30 percent in the control period. Nevertheless, complaints regarding waiting times, billing, and wait time for an inpatient bed still decreased 50 percent in the study period (p < .001). There were no significant differences in patient complaints based on age or sex, confirming results of the study by Hall and Press (1996). Patient Satisfaction Survey Data Baseline survey data were subjected to logistical regression analysis that indicated that 14 surveyed areas formed a core group of key satisfaction attributes. All of these 14 attributes showed increases in the study period (p < .001, see Table 2). The largest increases were in the following areas: skill of the emergency physician, skill of the nurse, likelihood of returning, overall quality of medical care, doctor’s ability to explain condition, diagnosis, and treatment options, and triage nurse’s sensitivity to pain. DISCUSSION The patient-physician and patient-nurse relationships are arguably the oldest in the history of medicine. These relationships have recently been described as being under siege because of an increase in the tension between the art and science of medicine, as well as the strains attendant to changes in the economic structure of healthcare (Glass 1996). To this list may be added a third causative factor: the lack of rigorous, formal training for healthcare professionals in the customer service fundamentals of the patient-provider relationship. The fundamentals of such training are closely tied to what has traditionally been described as the art of medicine or the concept of beneficence (Pellegrino and Thomasma 1989). Physicians have for the most part learned appropriate patient interaction skills through observing their mentors and peers during the course of graduate medical education. However, there has only recently been substantial study of this important subject (Buller and Buller 1987; Aharony and Strasser 1993). While customer service has been emphasized in American business and industry in recent years (Zeithamal, Parasuraman, and Berry 1990; Jones and Sasser 1995; Reichheld 1996; Berry and Parasuraman 1991; Berry 1995), few training modules are specifically targeted toward physicians and healthcare professionals. For this reason, the authors created an eight-hour customer  service training course for their ED providers, based on principles of adult education, benchmarks from the customer service industry (Sanders 1995; Spectre and McCarthy 1995; Carlzon 1987; Connelan 1997), experience in the clinical setting, and the existing literature on patient satisfaction (Pelligrino and Thomasma 1989; Thompson and Yarnold 1995; Thompson et al. 1996; Bursh, Beezy, and Shaw 1993; Rhee and Bird 1996; Dansk and Miles 1997; Hall and Press 1996; Eisenberg 1997). This literature emphasizes the importance of communication skills, managing information flow, actual versus perceived waiting times, and the ex pressive quality of physicians and nurses. All of these concepts were built into the training modules, including practical clinical examples of behaviors reflecting these and other concepts. Our philosophy in designing this course was simple. Customer service is a skill for which we hold our staff accountable but in which they had never formally been trained. We believed that this dilemma required, at a minimum, two sentinel events to occur. First, the department needed to have a clearly articulated and easily understood cultural transformation to a solid commitment to customer service. Second, staff members needed education in a practical, pragmatic fashion regarding precisely how such customer service principles could be applied in the clinical setting. Just as advanced cardiac life support, advanced trauma life support, and pediatric advanced life support courses can be used to improve cardiac, trauma, and pediatric resuscitation, respectively, we believed customer service outcomes could be improved by well-designed, mandatory, rigorous application of customer service training. The training was provided by active clinicians involved in day-to-day patient care activities (TAM, RJC). We believe this clinical credibility may have played an important part in the customer service transformation, inasmuch as the staff knew the trainers were well aware of the inherent problems of applying pragmatic customer service skills in a busy emergency department. The data from this study strongly support the hypothesis that clinically based, formal customer service training grounded on these principles can  dramatically decrease patient complaints, increase patient compliments, and improve patient satisfaction, at least in a high-volume, high-acuity ED. Patient complaints dropped by over 70 percent and compliments more than doubled during the study period, such that patient compliments actually exceed complaints in our 62,000 patient visit emergency department and level I trauma center. National data indicate that ED complaints average between three to five per 1,000 emergency department patients, although no data are available regarding rates of patient compliments (Culhane and Harding 1994). Our emergency department was slightly below that national standard level even during the control period. Analysis of the patient satisfaction survey data revealed an extremely important trend. Specifically, patients rated skill of the emergency physician, overall quality of medical care, and skill of the ED nurse as three of the most improved areas during the study period compared to the control period, despite the fact that there were no changes in the ED physician staff during the study and there was very little turnover among ED nurses. This strongly implies that patients rate the quality of care and the skill of the physician and nurse based on elements of the customer service interaction. These data suggest an important causal relationship between the technical component of care and the patient caregiver interaction, which has not been previously demonstrated. It is important to recognize that both customer service and technical skills are competencies to which hospitals and healthcare systems should hold their staff accountable on a daily basis. Hospitals spend substantial dollars to ensure that their staffs are technically competent to deliver quality medical care (Herzlinger 1997). However, to ensure that customer service is effective, clinically based customer service training is essential to give staff the appropriate skills in the clinical setting to deliver service competently. This concept is indirectly supported by data from Mack and colleagues (1995), who found that satisfaction with interactive aspects of emergency medical care produced higher correlations with measures of future intention to use the service than did satisfaction with medical outcomes themselves. Their study, however, did not undertake interventions to improve the interactive,  communicative aspect of healthcare in that setting. Similarly, Smith and colleagues (1995) evaluated the effect of a four-week training program, focusing on patient interviewing, somatization, patient education, and self-awareness, that was taught to first year internal medicine and family practice residents. Their data were not conclusive, but suggested that some but not all aspects of patient satisfaction could be improved by such training. This study tends to confirm the work of Thompson and colleagues (1996) that demonstrated in a much smaller sample size that expressive quality and management of informatio n flow to the patient had an effect on patient satisfaction. However, their study did not assess the impact of strategies and techniques for ED staff to improve patient satisfaction by improving expressive quality. While several studies (Thompson et al. 1996; Thompson and Yarnold 1996; Dansk and Miles 1997; Hall and Press 1996) have emphasized the importance of waiting time and exceeding patient expectations regarding length of waiting time, our study demonstrates a dramatic improvement in patient satisfaction without a statistically significant reduction in patient turnaround time. This supports the work of Bursch and colleagues (1993), who found in a study of 258 patients that the five most important variables for patient satisfaction were the amount of time it took before being cared for in the ED, patient ratings of how caring the nurses were, how organized the ED staff was, how caring the physicians were, and the amount of information provided to the patient and family. However, the study did not assess strategies to improve satisfaction based on this knowledge. All of this information was built into the training modules to assist staff with practical strategies to manage waiting time effe ctively using information flow, queuing theory, and verbal skill training. The implications of the higher ratings of the skill of the emergency physicians and nurses are intriguing and could have a far-reaching impact on healthcare. Perhaps the strongest implication is that perceived skill stands as a marker for quality and/or outcome in the mind of patients and their families. It has been shown repeatedly that patient compliance increases with confidence in the physician (Frances, Korsch, and Morris 1969;  Sharfield et al. 1981; Waggoner, Jackson, and Kern 1981; Schmittdiel et al. 1997). While our study did not directly assess improvements in outcome, quality of care, or appropriateness of care, it certainly appears that patients rated the skill of the healthcare providers as a key quality characteristic in this survey. Furthermore, the fact that ratings of quality of medical care and likelihood of returning also increased dramatically speaks to the importance that effective customer service training may have in offering a competitive market advantage to hospitals and healthcare institutions. This is particularly important as the concept of customer loyalty is closely tied to the likelihood of a patient or their family returning to that healthcare institution. As the focus on outcomes management and evidence-based medicine increases, it is important to take into account the effect that customer service skills have on patients’ perceptions of quality and outcome. This study may be subject to several criticisms. First, while statistical data on patient compliments and complaints obtained substantial statistical significance, the number of patients contacted for the outpatient satisfaction telephone survey may have resulted in sampling bias. While a larger sampling is planned in the future, the patient satisfaction survey data trends were consistent throughout all quarters and appear to be a valid statistical tool, despite the number of patients sampled. Second, it was not possible to blind those responsible for investigating and classifying complaints and compliments. However, we did attempt to reduce or eliminate possible reporting or observer bias by identifying complaints from all sources and ensuring that all complaints and their classification were reviewed and approved by an author who was not involved in ED operations and by quality improvement analysts. Third, information is not available on national or regional trends of patient compl aints and/or satisfaction during the study period. It is possible that the data in this study may reflect local, regional, or national trends toward decreased complaints and increased satisfaction, either globally throughout healthcare or in ED patients specifically. However, this is highly unlikely as no such trends have been previously reported, nor would such trends fully explain the data from this study, even if they were present. The data on patient acuity  indicated an increase in CPT codes 99283 and 99285, suggesting a slight trend toward higher patient acuity. This could mean that patients with higher levels of acuity are more satisfied and less likely to complain. No data are available to either prove or disprove this possibility, but the trend toward higher acuity would not appear to completely explain the dramatic improvement seen in this study. Furthermore, the patient-satisfaction telephone survey excluded inpatients, who comprise a larger percentage of patients in the 99285 service code. Further study is needed to delineate the relationship of ED patient acuity to satisfaction. Despite these potential limitations, this study demonstrates that clinically based customer training for ED staff can decrease patient complaints and increase patient satisfaction in a large volume, high-acuity ED, and that satisfaction is independent of patient turnaround times. Furthermore, the data support the concept that patients rate the skill of the emergency physician, overall quality of medical care, and skill of the ED nurse significantly higher after such training is provided to the ED staff. Additional studies in ED with different volumes, acuities, and geographic locations are needed to demonstrate whether these results can be duplicated. Studies of the impact of customer service training in other healthcare settings would also be of benefit. Nonetheless, clinically focused customer service training has been shown in this study to improve patient satisfaction and ratings of the skill of physicians and nurses. If verified by other studies, customer service training should be considered an important part of graduate and undergraduate medical education to improve both the art and science of the patient-physician relationship. The clinically based customer service training described in this study is now a required part of competency based orientation for all physicians, nurses, residents, and support staff in the emergency department. All professional and non-professional staff interviewed for positions in the emergency department are advised of the institution’s strong commitment to customer service training and the necessity of attending the required training course. As healthcare increasingly emphasizes accountability for customer service in its staff, it is increasingly important that practical and effective customer service training is provided. While not directly addressed in this study, the data on ratings of quality of medical care, skill of the physician and nurses, and likelihood of returning strongly suggest that effectively completing the customer service transition offers a competitive market advantage to hospitals and healthcare systems. References Aharony, L., and S. Strasser. 1993. â€Å"Patient Satisfaction: What We Know About and What We Still Need to Explore.† Medical Care Review 50 (1): 49-79. Berry, L. L. 1995. On Great Service: A Framework for Action. New York: Free Press. Berry, L. L., and A. Parasuraman. 1991. Marketing Services: Competing Through Quality. New York: Free Press. Butler, M. K., and D. B. Buller. 1987. â€Å"Physician’s Communication Style and Patient Satisfaction.† Journal of Health and Social Behavior 28 (4): 375-88. Bursh, B., J. Beezy, and R. Shaw. 1993. â€Å"Emergency Department Satisfaction: What Matters Most?† Annals of Emergency Medicine 22: 586-91. Carlzon, J. 1987. Moments of Truth: New Strategies for Today’s Customer-Driven Economy. New York: Ballinger Publishing. Connelan, T. 1997. Inside the Magic Kingdom. Austin, TX: Bard Press. Culhane, D. E., and P. J. Harding. 1994. â€Å"Quality in Customers: Great Expectations.† Presented to the American College of Emergency Physicians Management Academy, Boston, Massachusetts, May 19, 1994. Dansk, K. H., and J. Miles. 1997. â€Å"Patient Satisfaction with Ambulatory Healthcare Services: Waiting Time and Follow-up Time.† Hospitals and Health Services Administration 42 (2): 165-77. Eisenberg, B. 1997. â€Å"Customer Service in Healthcare.† Hospitals and Healthcare Services Administration 42 ( 1 ): 17-32. Frances, V, B. M. Korsch, and M. J. Morris. 1969. â€Å"Gaps in Doctor-Patient Communication. Patient’s Response to Medical Advice.† New England Journal of Medicine. 280: 535-49. Glass, R. M. 1996. â€Å"The Patient-Physician Relationship: JAMA Focuses on the Center of Medicine.† Journal of the American Medical Association 275: 147-48. Hall, M. F., and I. Press. 1996. â€Å"Keys to Patient Satisfaction in the Emergency Department: Results of a Multiple Facility Study.† Hospitals and Healthcare Administration 41 (4): 515-32. Herzlinger, R. 1997. Market-Driven Health Care. New York: Free Press. Inova Health System. 1997. â€Å"Outpatient Satisfaction Research.† Shugoll Research. Rockville, MD. Jones, T. O., and W. E. Sasser, Jr. 1995. â€Å"Why Satisfied Customers Defect.† Harvard Business Review 73: 88-99. Kirschner, C. G., R. C. Burkett, G. M. Kotowicz, et al. 1996. Physicians’ Current Procedural Terminology-CPT 96, ed 5. Chicago: American Medical Association. Laine, C., and F. Davidoff. 1996. â€Å"PatientCentered Medicine: A Professional Evolution† lournal of the American Medical Association 275: 152-56. Mack, J. L., K. M. File, J. E. Horwitz, and R. A. Prince. 1995. â€Å"The Effect of Urgency on Patient Satisfaction and Future Emergency Department Choice.† Health Care Management Review 20: 7-15. Pellegrino, E. D., and D. C. Thomasma. 1989. For the Patient’s Good: The Restoration of Beneficence in Health Care. New York: Oxford University Press. Rhee, K., and J. Bird. 1996. â€Å"Perceptions in Satisfaction with Emergency Department Care.† Journal of Emergency Medicine 14: 679-83. Reichheld, E E 1996. â€Å"Learning from Customer Defections.† Harvard Business Review 74: 56-69. Sanders, B. 1995. Fabled Service: Ordinary Acts, Extraordinary Outcomes. San Diego: Pfeiffer and Company. Schmittdiel, J., J. V. Selby, K. Grumbach, and C. P. Quesenberry. 1997. â€Å"Choice of a Personal Physician and Patient Satisfaction in a Health Maintenance Organization.† Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (19): 1596-1612. Sharfield, B., C. Wray, K. Hess, and E. M. Smith. 1981. â€Å"The Influence of Patient-Practitioner Agreement on Outcome of Care.† American Journal of Public Health 71: 127-31. Smith, R. C., J. S. Lyles, J. A. Mettler, et al. 1995. â€Å"A Strategy for Improving Patient Satisfaction by the Intensive Training of Residents in Psychosocial Medicine: A Controlled, Randomized Study† Academic Medicine 70: 729-32. Spectre, R., and P. D. McCarthy. 1995. The Nordstrom Way: The Inside Story of America’s #1 Customer Service Co mpany. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Thompson, D. A., P. R. Yarnold, D. R. Williams, and S. L. Adams. 1996. â€Å"Effects of Actual Waiting Time, Perceived Waiting Time, Information Delivery, and Expressive Quality on Patient Satisfaction in the Emergency Department† Annals of Emergency Medicine 28: 657-65. Thompson, D. A., and P. R. Yarnold. 1995. â€Å"Relating Patient Satisfaction to Waiting Time Perceptions and Expectations: The Disconfirmation Paradigm.† Academic Emergency Medicine 2: 1057-62. Thompson, D. A., P. R. Yarnold, S. L. Adams, and A. B. Spaccone. 1996. â€Å"How Accurate Are Waiting Time Perceptions of Patients in the Emergency Department?† Annals of Emergency Medicine 28: 652-56. Waggoner, D. M., E. B. Jackson, and D. E. Kern. 1981. â€Å"Physician Influence on Patient Compliance: A Clinical Trial.† Annals of Emergency Medicine 10: 348-52. Zeithamal, V. A., A. Parasuraman, and L. L. Berry. 1990. Delivering Quality Service: Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations. New York: Free Press. You have requested â€Å"on-the-fly† machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated â€Å"AS IS† and â€Å"AS AVAILABLE† and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors fo r your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimerTranslations powered by LEC. Translations powered by LEC.

Bacterial Growth Requirements

Bacteria Growth Requirements Microbiology Life as we now it has ended. What is left you ask? Well it is said the only thing that could survive an incident that could end our known way of life is a roach and a pack or Twinkies. In truth the great survivor would be microorganisms. Microorganisms can survive where most cannot due to their size, nutritional needs, energy requirements, and are very good at adapting to different environments (Black 2008).Microorganisms require two things to live a long healthy life, and these are physical and nutritional factors. Physical factors include pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and radiation (Black 2008). Nutritional factors include carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, and sometimes vitamins (Black 2008). For the purpose of this exercise I will focus on E. coli. Pathogenic Escherichia coli will be discussed since it is a common, but dangerous bacterium.E. coli in humans is fo und in the intestines. This bacterium is very durable, meaning that it is well-adapted to its habitat. For example, it can grow with glucose being the only food source. This bacterium can also grow with or without O2. If located in anaerobic habitat it can it will use the fermentation process producing mixed acids and gases (Todar 2012). This bacterium has shown that it can also use anaerobic respiration when NO3 or NO2 is available.Chemicals, pH, temperature, are a few signals that determines how E. coli will respond (Todar 2012). When it senses a change in the environment it can swim toward or away from anything useful or harmful. Temperature can also affect E. coli. A change in temperature allows E. coli to change pore diameter of its outer membrane to accommodate certain nutrients, or to exclude something harmful. E. coli also rations its nutrient supply by taking in account how much is available in its environment.This means that it will not take in nutrients unless it has enou gh to feed more bacteria that will be produced (Todar 2012). As you can see, this amazing microbe has the ability to adapt to its environment and in some case overcome. Imagine the microbes that are out there that has not be identified yet. Reference Black, J. (2008). Microbiology principals and explorations. (7th Edition ed. ). Jefferson City: GGS Book Services. Todar, K. (2012). Todars online textbook of bacteriology. Retrieved from http://www. textbookofbacteriology. net/e. coli. html Bacterial Growth Requirements Bacterial Growth Requirements Evelyn Lyle ITT Technical Institute Angela Ask, MPS January 15, 2012 Every organism must find in its environment all of the substances required for energy generation and cellular biosynthesis. The chemicals and elements of this environment that are utilized for bacterial growth are referred to as nutrients. Many bacteria can be identified in the environment by inspection or using genetic techniques. The nutritional requirements of a bacterium such as E Coli are revealed by the cell’s elemental composition.These elements are found in the form of water, inorganic ions, small molecules and macromolecules which serve either a structural or functional role in the cells. Bacteria thrive by four things oxygen, food (nutrients), warmth and time but two others can be moisture and acidity. Nutrients are needed for energy, nitrogen (for DNA and proteins), phosphorus (for energy), and others. Warmth is needed so the bacteria can stay warm. Oxygen is needed so the bacteria can make energy and time is needed for the bacteria to complete binary fission over and over again. Acidity is needed so the bacteria can survive in its environment.Highly base or acidic environments may harm the bacteria and hinder its lifespan. In order to survive and grow, microorganisms require a source of energy and nourishment. Bacteria are the most primitive forms of microorganisms but are composed of a great variety of simple and complex molecules and are able to carry out a wide range of chemical transformations. Depending on their requirements and the source of energy used they are classified into different nutritional groups. Most microorganisms grow well at the normal temperatures favored by man, higher plants and animals.Certain bacteria grow at temperatures (extreme heat or cold) at which few higher organisms can survive. Most bacteria grow best in an environment with a narrow pH range near neutrality between pH 6. 5 and 7. 5. Microbes contain approximate ly 80-90% water and I f placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration will lose water which causes shrinkage of the cell. Some bacteria have adapted so well to high salt concentrations that they actually require them for growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus are particularly critical because they often control the rates of photosynthesis.Carbon is significantly more abundant than either of them and oxygen and sulfur are more abundant that phosphorous. Nitrogen and phosphorous are less available to plants relative to their growth requirements than are other elements. Phosphorus is often in short supply and limits plant and algae growth. Nitrogen is a major constituent of all proteins and of all living organisms. A lack of nitrogen can limit growth of plants, since nearly three quarters of its atmosphere consists of natural gas, N2. REFERENCES A New Way to Look at Microorganisms. (n. d). American Scientist, 93(6), 514.

How to Write a Compelling, Informative News Lede

What is a lede? A lede  is the first paragraph of any news story. Many would say that it’s also the most important part, as it introduces what is to come. A good lede must accomplish three specific things: Give readers the main points of the storyGet readers interested in reading the storyAccomplish both of these in as few words as possible Typically, editors want ledes to be no longer than 35 to 40 words. Why so short? Well, readers want their news delivered quickly, and a short lede does just that. What Goes in a Lede? For news stories, journalists use the inverted pyramid format, which means starting with the five W’s and H:† who, what, where, when, why, and how. Who: Who is the story about?What: What happened in the story?Where: Where did the event you’re writing about occur?When: When did it occur?Why: Why did this happen?How: How did this happen? Lede Examples Now that you understand the basics of a lede, see them in action with these examples. Lede Example 1 Let’s say you’re writing a story about a man who was injured when he fell off a ladder. Here are your five W’s and H: Who: the manWhat: He fell off a ladder while painting.Where: at his houseWhen: yesterdayWhy: The ladder was rickety.How: The rickety ladder broke. So your lede might go something like this: A man was injured yesterday after falling from a rickety ladder which collapsed as he was painting his home. This sums up the main points of the story in just 19 words, which is all you need for a good lede. Lede Example 2 Now you’re writing a story about a house fire in which three people suffered smoke inhalation. Here are your five W’s and H: Who: three peopleWhat: They suffered smoke inhalation in a house fire and were hospitalized.Where: at their houseWhen: yesterdayWhy: A man fell asleep while smoking in bed.How: The cigarette ignited the mans mattress. Heres how this lede might go: Three people were hospitalized for smoke inhalation yesterday from a house fire. Officials say the fire was ignited when a man in the home fell asleep while smoking in bed. This lede clocks in at 30 words. Its a little longer than the last one, but still short and to the point. Lede Example 3 Heres something a bit more complicated—this is a story about a hostage situation. Here are your five W’s and H: Who: six people, one gunmanWhat: The gunman held six people hostage in a restaurant for two hours before surrendering to police.Where: Billy Bobs Barbecue JointWhen: last nightWhy: The gunman tried robbing the restaurant but police arrived before he could escape.How: He ordered the six people into the kitchen. Heres how this lede might go: A failed robbery of Billy Bob’s Barbeque last evening resulted in six being held hostage as police surrounded the building. The suspect surrendered without incident following a two-hour standoff. This lede is 29 words, which is impressive for a story that has a bit more complexity to it. Write Ledes on Your Own Here are some examples to try on your own. Lede Exercise 1 Who: Barrett Bradley, the president of Centerville CollegeWhat: He announced tuition will be raised 5%.Where: at a gathering in the colleges amphitheaterWhen: yesterdayWhy: The college is facing a $3 million deficit.How: He will ask the colleges board of trustees to approve the tuition hike. Lede Exercise 2 Who: Melvin Washington, point guard for the Centerville High School basketball teamWhat: He scored a record 48 points to lead the team to the state championship over the rival team from Roosevelt High School.Where: in the schools gymnasiumWhen: last nightWhy: Washington is a gifted athlete who observers say has an NBA career ahead of him.How: He is a remarkably precise shooter who excels at making three-pointers. Lede Exercise 3 Who: Centerville Mayor Ed JohnsonWhat: He held a press conference announcing he has a drinking problem and is stepping down from his post.Where: in his office at City HallWhen: todayWhy: Johnson says he is entering rehab to deal with his alcoholism.How: He will step down and deputy mayor Helen Peterson will take over.